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In both sexes, non-right-handedness has been associated with elevated gender nonconformity. Namely, these domains include gender expression and sexual partner preference. As such, handedness has been examined in relation to within-sex variation in psychological and behavioral domains that show large sexual dimorphism to provide insight into whether mechanisms underpinning handedness also influence these domains. Given this prenatal, biological, basis of handedness, the higher prevalence of non-right-handedness among men compared to women suggests that it also marks prenatal developmental processes influencing brain sexual differentiation (for review, see ). Although the factors affecting handedness are still under investigation, there is consensus that it is determined prenatally by biological factors (for review, see ).
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Extensive research suggests that handedness is influenced by genetic factors and is also linked to sexually dimorphic endocrine and immunological mechanisms. Handedness, or predominantly using the left or right hand for various tasks, is a marker of cerebral lateralization (for review, see ). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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įunding: The research reported in this article was supported by a doctoral Canadian graduate scholarship National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC ) grant to ASG, and NSERC Discovery Grants to DAM (RGPIN-2016-06302) and DPV (RGPIN-2016-06446). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Data are available publicly at Open Science Framework: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/R5YHU. Received: AugAccepted: DecemPublished: February 24, 2017Ĭopyright: © 2017 Swift-Gallant et al. Together, these findings suggest that developmental processes linked to handedness underpin variation among men in sexual orientation and gender nonconformity as well as variation among subgroups of gay men that are delineated by anal sex roles.Ĭitation: Swift-Gallant A, Coome LA, Monks DA, VanderLaan DP (2017) Handedness is a biomarker of variation in anal sex role behavior and Recalled Childhood Gender Nonconformity among gay men. In support of the hypothesis, bottoms/versatiles were more non-right-handed than tops and handedness mediated the male sexual orientation and anal sex role differences in Recalled Childhood Gender Nonconformity. Also, among gay men, bottoms/versatiles (i.e., gay men who take a receptive anal sex role, or who take on both a receptive and insertive anal sex role) were more gender-nonconforming than tops (i.e., gay men who take an insertive anal sex role). As in previous studies, gay men showed greater non-right-handedness and gender nonconformity than straight men.
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Gay men also completed measures of anal sex role preference. Straight and gay men ( N = 333) completed the Edinburgh Inventory of Handedness and the Recalled Childhood Gender Nonconformity Scale. Furthermore, it assessed whether handedness mediates the association between gender nonconformity and male sexual orientation. The present study assessed the hypothesis that handedness, a biologically determined sexually differentiated trait, corresponds to differences in subgroups of gay men based on anal sex role. Subgroups of gay men delineated by anal sex roles differ according to at least one such trait: gender expression. Developmental theories of the biological basis of sexual orientation suggest that sexually differentiated psychological and behavioural traits should be linked with sexual orientation.